History of Azerbaijan
The history of Azerbaijan begins with the rule of the Persians and the dominant religion of Zoroastrianism until about 300 AD when the locals adopted Christianity. In the 600s the people adopted Islam with the arrival of the Arabs, followed by the arrival of the Turks.
After a brief period of progress, the Mongols arrived in the 1200s and put modern-day Azerbaijan squarely back on droning monotonousness. This changed dramatically in the 1500s when, due to some wars and treaties, the Azerbaijani rulers came to rule the entire Persian Empire, but in the 1700 and 1800s, with growing conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire lost its glory of former days and the Russians swept in to take the land.
Russia, as they have done ever since, decided to solidify their new conquests by flooding the region with loyal subjects, in Azerbaijan this meant Russians, Germans, and Armenians. This ethnic division has led to a number of conflicts, most notably with the Armenians, which continues to this day as the two modern countries continue to fight over disputed land.